文献综述英语怎么说?

1. 文献综述英语怎么说?

问题一：国外文献综述 用英语怎么说  Domestic literature review 
  国内文献综述。 
  
   问题二：“文献综述”用英语怎么说  summary of the literatures文献综述 
  
   问题三：对・・・等方面进行了文献综述 英文怎么说  Yes. Other aspects of the review of the lit订rature 
  
   问题四：国外文献综述 用英语怎么说  国外文献综述 
  A Review of Foreign Literature 
  
   问题五：文献综述里 英文 以什么为例 怎么翻译？ 5分 开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想，因而篇幅不必过大，但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题说清楚，应包含两个部分：总述、提纲。 1 总述 开题报告的总述部分应首先提出选题，并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、目前相关课题研究... 
  
   问题六：英文论文文献综述格式和写法  英语毕业论文文献综述好写的，根据题目写相关学者的总结，开始我也不会，还是师姐介绍的莫文网，专业的就是不一样，很快就帮忙完成了 对大学英语翻译教学若干问题的思考 应用英语翻译呼唤理论指导 大学英语翻译教学:现状与对策 国内商务英语翻译研究综述 商务英语翻译中存在的问题与对策 顺应理论视角下科技英语翻译切雅实证分析 经济一体化环境下的商务英语翻译教学 新世纪十年来商务英语翻译研究:回顾与前瞻 语用观视角下的中医英语翻译教学实证研究 翻译――找到源语的所指――对规划教材《商务英语翻译》误译译例的批判研究 从功能对等角度看商务英语翻译 高校科技英语翻译课程设置探讨 科技英语汉译的英语翻译技巧研究――以船舶英语文本中的汉译为例 功能对等视角下的科技英语翻译 论商务英语翻译的4Es标准 大学英语翻译教学存在的问题与对策 关联理论在科技英语翻译中的应用――以Climate Change and Peak Oil文本的翻译为例 功能对等理论指导下的商务英语翻译 大学英语翻译教学:问题与对策 英语翻译专业本科生的笔译能力调查分析――以某师范大学英语翻译专业为例 中国职业篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译人员现状及发展对策研究 从目的论的角度下看商务英语翻译 论高职商务英语翻译教学中学生跨文化交际意识的培养 试论近代国人英语翻译 任务型教学法在《商务英语翻译》教学中的运用 商务英语翻译与文化信息等值研究 大学英语翻译教学教材编写探讨――以《新时代交互英语(读写译1-4册)》为例 东西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响 顺序分析在科技英语翻译中的应用――以翻译项目《大气污染排放系数手册》为案例 从关联理论分析法律英语翻译中的文化差异及其翻译补偿 商务英语翻译原则探讨 跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响及调整策略 
  
   问题七：英语毕业论文文献综述怎么写？  英语毕业论文文献综述好写的，根据题目写相关学者的总结，开始我也不会，还是师姐介绍的莫文网，专业的就是不一样，很快就帮忙完成了 
  对大学英语翻译教学若干问题的思考 
  应用英语翻译呼唤理论指导 
  大学英语翻译教学:现状与对策 
  国内商务英语翻译研究综述 
  商务英语翻译中存在的问题与对策 
  顺应理论视角下科技英语翻译切雅实证分析 
  经济一体化环境下的商务英语翻译教学 
  新世纪十年来商务英语翻译研究:回顾与前瞻 
  语用观视角下的中医英语翻译教学实证研究 
  翻译――找到源语的所指――对规划教材《商务英语翻译》误译译例的批判研究 
  从功能对等角度看商务英语翻译 
  高校科技英语翻译课程设置探讨 
  科技英语汉译的英语翻译技巧研究――以船舶英语文本中的汉译为例 
  功能对等视角下的科技英语翻译 
  论商务英语翻译的4Es标准 
  大学英语翻译教学存在的问题与对策 
  关联理论在科技英语翻译中的应用――以Climate Change and Peak Oil文本的翻译为例 
  功能对等理论指导下的商务英语翻译 
  大学英语翻译教学:问题与对策 
  英语翻译专业本科生的笔译能力调查分析――以某师范大学英语翻译专业为例 
  中国职业篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译人员现状及发展对策研究 
  从目的论的角度下看商务英语翻译 
  论高职商务英语翻译教学中学生跨文化交际意识的培养 
  试论近代国人英语翻译 
  任务型教学法在《商务英语翻译》教学中的运用 
  商务英语翻译与文化信息等值研究 
  大学英语翻译教学教材编写探讨――以《新时代交互英语(读写译1-4册)》为例 
  东西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响 
  顺序分析在科技英语翻译中的应用――以翻译项目《大气污染排放系数手册》为案例 
  从关联理论分析法律英语翻译中的文化差异及其翻译补偿 
  商务英语翻译原则探讨 
  跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响及调整策略

2. 英文文献综述

我正好看到一篇有关旅游景点名称；归化；异化；直译；音译；意译的文章，里面大概阐述了有关旅游景点翻译时注意的一些事项，你可以借鉴一下。：）  http://language.chinadaily.com.cn/herewego/news_content.shtml?id=45   复制下摘要：   摘要：旅游景点名称的翻译是旅游翻译的重要环节。但是由于景点名称所包含文化的多样性以及中英文之间的不对等性，使得在中文景点名称的英译过程中信息传递的不完全，存在有许多困难以及误区。本文分析了中文景点名称的特点，并对其进行分类；剖析了“归化”和“异化”这两种翻译策略的优缺点，并对现在用得较多的翻译方法：“音译”，“直译”和“意译”进行了比较、分析。从而对于旅游景点名称的翻译进行初步的探讨。   再给你补充一些中英文的景点介绍，供你参考。   1.城隍庙的英文介绍稿：   Chenghuang Miao Temple 城隍庙   The Temple of the Town Deity is located south of Yuyuan Gardan. There used to be a temple to the local deity, whick the inhabitants believed would protect them, in every city. The city deities were frequently real persons to whom the town owed something. Today, an arts aand crafts store is in the temple.    2.Yuyuan Garden 豫园   Yuyuan Garden is northeast of the Old Town. A high official had it designed in the Suzhou style as a private garden and built from 1559-- 1577. Later, it was restored several times. In spite of its relatively small area of two hectares it seems considerably larger due to the skillful arrangement of 30 different landscape scenes.   The garden consists of an inner and an outer section. The inner garden, neiyuan, is in the southern part and substantially smaller than the outer one, but then, it is more impressive and romantic, if it is possible to visit it in the early moring hours in order to enjoy it alone. An excellent calligrapher displays his work in one of the halls.   the outer part is in the north and contains numberous halls, pavilions and lakes. In 1853, the Pavilion of Spring in the northeast was the seat of the Xiaodao Hui, the Society of Little Swords, tho led an uprishing against Qing rule and occupied Shanghai for 17 months. Today, weapons and coins made by the Xiaodao Hui society, among other objects, are exhibited in this hall.   A man-made, 11-m-high hill bounds the garden in the northwest. Huxin Ting teahouse is a favorite with the citizens of Shanghai. It is in the southwest, outside of the garden grounds, a two-story building resting on posts in the middle of a pond and connected to the shore by a 'Zigzag Bridge'   3.张家界旅游景点介绍  http://www.zjjtour.net/zhangjiajie01.htm   4.马鞍山景点英文介绍  Anhui Tour - Colorful Stones Rock (Caishiji)    Anhui Tour - Colorful Stones Rock  Rising precipitously beside the rolling Yangtze River seven kilometers southwest of Ma'anshan City, Anhui Province, this rock used to be called Bull Islet Rock (Niuzhuji) because a legendary gold bull is said to have appeared here in ancient times.   The present name was adopted during the period of the Three Kingdoms (220-280) because the area abounded in colorful stones.   The rock occupies a position of strategic importance. Its scenery is dominated by pines, bamboos, and the steep cliffs of Cuiluo Hill.   Caishiji is one of the three most famous such rocks along the banks of the Yangtze River, the other two are Chenglingji in Yueyang, and Yanziji in Nanjing.   It was here that Li Bai wrote many immortal poems. There are such places of interest as Taibai Tower, the Memorial Hall to Li Bai, and the Tower to Catch the Moon.   Add: Caishi Township, Ma'anshan, Anhui  Anhui Tour - Tomb of Libai   Lying at the foot of Mt. Qingshan southeast of Dangtu County, Ma'anshan, the Tomb of Li Bai (701-762), a great poet of the Tang Dynasty, covers an area of three hectares, in the shade of ancient pines and willow trees. Near the tomb there is a memorial hall named Taibai, which houses stone inscriptions of past dynasties and paintings and calligraphy by distinguished artists. Through the ages, numerous men of letters came to show their respect to Li Bai.   Green Snail Hill (Cuiluoshan)   This hill, which faces the Yangtze and the Niuzhu rivers seven kilometers southwest of the city, got its name because it is shaped like a snail. The huge Taibai Tower on the hill was dedicated to the memory of the famous Tang Dynasty poet Li Bai (701-762). It is said that after a drinking spree Li Bai plunged into the Yangtze in an attempt to catch the moon, only to drown. The terrace from which he leaped is called Catching the Moon Terrace (Zhuoyuetai). Fishermen fetched his cap and clothes from the river and buried them in a tomb on the hill.  采石风景区以诗人李白为灵魂，以"翠螺出大江"的壮丽景观和锁溪河风光为载体，含翠螺山、荷包山、小九华和采石镇、小黄洲在内的名胜。景区内的太白楼，四角飞翘，斗拱画梁，古色古香，与黄鹤楼、岳阳楼、腾王阁并称为“三楼一阁”。沿石级向上，有联璧台、燃犀亭、三元洞、三台阁、李白衣冠冢等，像一串串珍珠镶篏在翠螺山上下，五彩斑烂，美不胜收。人类和大自然的和谒，在这里得到充分的诠释。

希望采纳

3. 英语文献综述

Andre Maurois said that the motif used by most great writers is the passage from childhood to maturity and the disillusioning knowledge of truth. Charles Dickens uses this motif in Great Expectations to show the main character Pip as a well-rounded and developed character. Great Expectations follows Pip from a simple childhood to a lavish adulthood. He has a mysterious benefactor who helps him attain his rich lifestyle, and fills his head with hopes and dreams. When the benefactor turns out to be someone unexpected, he has trouble coming to grips with the harsh truth. As a real sign of maturity he then tries to make amends with those he had wronged.
Throughout much of the novel, Pip had reasons to believe that a recluse named Miss Havisham was his benefactor. That led him to believe that she intended for her adopted daughter Estella to marry him. When it was discovered that the mystery person was actually a convict, Pip was faced with obstacles blocking his expectations. He was not really intended for Estella and the idea that a convict had given him so much money gave him shame. As a result, he pined away for a woman that he didn't have a chance with in the first place. He was not able to let go until a final confrontation in the end of the novel. Pip thought poorly of the convict, and wanted nothing to do with him. When he realized that the convict was more of a gentleman than he had been, he let the convict be closer to him rather than pushing him away.
When Pip became an adult he moved to London, which was supposed to help him become both independent and a 'gentleman'. Even after that transition was achieved, he was still a child. He lived well beyond his means, spending large amounts on frivolous items such as extra clothes and furniture. The only good thing he did with his money was secretly supporting his friend and roommate Herbert. He reached a point where he began living frugally in attempt to pull out of debt. Pip had to reach a mature level of thought to assess his situation and realize his spending habits were not healthy.
Among Pip's many false beliefs was the idea that his father figure Joe was simple and the opposite of a gentleman. Joe was a humble blacksmith, which contrasted to Pip's idea that gentlemen were rich socialites living the 'high life'. When Pip realized that his gentlemanly lifestyle was spoiling him (creating debt and arrogance) he became aware that his image of the ideal gentleman was wrong. He then went home to visit Joe and ask for forgiveness.
'Maturity' is often used to describe a condition of full development and 'disillusion' means being freed from mistaken ideas. With these definitions in mind, it is easier to see how Maurois' idea is applicable to many works of literature. And it is more clear that his thought on motif is exemplified by Dickens'Great Expectations.

4. 文献综述英文

文献综述英文是literature review。
文献综述是对某一领域，某一专业或某一方面的课题、问题或研究专题搜集大量相关资料，然后通过阅读、分析、归纳、整理当前课题、问题或研究专题的最新进展、学术见解或建议，对其做出综合性介绍和阐述的一种学术论文。

文献综述是在确定了选题后，在对选题所涉及的研究领域的文献进行广泛阅读和理解的基础上，对该研究领域的研究现状、新水平、新动态、新技术和新发现、发展前景等内容进行综合分析、归纳整理和评论，并提出自己的见解和研究思路而写成的一种不同于毕业论文的文体。
它要求作者既要对所查阅资料的主要观点进行综合整理、陈述，还要根据自己的理解和认识，对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述和相应的评价，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。

好的文献综述，不但可以为下一步的学位论文写作奠定一个坚实的理论基础和提供某种延伸的契机，而且能表明写本综述的作者对既有研究文献的归纳分析和梳理整合的综合能力，从而有助于提高对学位论文水平的总体评价。

5. 文献综述英文

Literature Review：文献综述;文献回顾;文献探讨;文学评论;文献分析  review article：文献综述;综述;评论;综述文献;回顾性文章                    扩展资料                       　　1、Literature Review例句：
  　　A Literature Review of University Organization Structure and Operation Mechanism
  　　大学组织结构及其运行机制研究综述
  　　A Research Literature Review on Teaching Management System in Colleges and Universities in China
  　　我国高等院校教学管理体系研究综述
  　　A Literature Review of Knowledge Transfer from the Perspective of Social Network
  　　基于社会网络视角的知识转移研究述评
  　　2、review article例句：
  　　Link to review article in The Lancet
  　　链接到《柳叶刀》杂志的评述文章
  　　This paper is the last part of the review article: The Progresses in Low Dimensional Condensed Matter Physics.
  　　此文是本综述性文章的最后一部分，介绍了二维体系的重要特性。

6. 英文文献综述的范文

    　　下面是我为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的  范文  ”的资料，供大家参阅。
        　　英文文献综述范文 
       　　How to Write a Literature Review ?
       　　I. The definition of Literature Review
       　　文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研  论文  中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的  历史  背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
       　　II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components
       　　A. The Purposes
       　　On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.
       　　On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused
       　　research question.
       　　B. Its Components
       　　There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.
       　　标题与作者(title and author)
       　　摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)
       　　引言(introduction)
       　　述评(review)
       　　结论(conclusion)
       　　参考文献(references)
       　　III. Classification of Source Materials
       　　How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.
       　　A: Background sources:
       　　Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and
       　　encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.
       　　B: Primary sources
       　　Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,
       　　biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too
       　　many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.
       　　C: Secondary sources
       　　Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book
       　　reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or
       　　writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing
       　　in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,
       　　but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and
       　　will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you
       　　need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to
       　　analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.
       　　D: Web sources
       　　The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent
       　　resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web
       　　sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You
       　　may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a
       　　good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its
       　　own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the
       　　authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use
       　　information. The currency of website information should also be taken into
       　　account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.
       　　IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review
       　　A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources
       　　If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and
       　　the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper
       　　on a topic without reading the original source.
       　　B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis
       　　Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.
       　　Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.
       　　C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth
       　　Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William
       　　Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic
       　　in depth. Choose those.
       　　D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts
       　　If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on
       　　Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,
       　　Choose the article by the expert.
       　　E. Choosing the most current sources
       　　If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a
       　　scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the
       　　books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in
       　　periodicals.
       　　V. Writing a literature Review
       　　A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:
       　　1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.
       　　2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.
       　　3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.
       　　4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.
       　　5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.
       　　6. Criticism of the work in the area.
       　　B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:
       　　1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.
       　　2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.
       　　C. Some tips for writing the review:
       　　1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.
       　　2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most
       　　related references last.
       　　3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.
       　　4. Start writing your review early.
       　　VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和  注意事项  
        　　英文文献主要部分细节提示： 
       　　引言(Introduction)
       　　引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围
       　　和内容。提出问题时，作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和
       　　分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时，作者应使用简明扼要
       　　的语句加以概括。
       　　引言的内容和结构具有以下特点：
       　　(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和
       　　范围;
       　　(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识，使用现在完成时叙述他人成果，使用一般将来时或一
       　　般现在时简介本文内容;
       　　(3)  句子  结构力求简洁明了，多用简单句，并列成份较为常见;
       　　(4)以第三人称主语为主，间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。
       　　述评(Review)
       　　述评是文献综述的核心所在，是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围，
       　　作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析，在此基础上列出与主题有关的
       　　所有重要学术观点，然后分别加以论述，以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究，以时间
       　　为序，由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能，叙前人研究，议其结果、探其原因、
       　　究其不足。
       　　分析评论，特别是表达作者自己的观点时，要客观、谨慎，因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测
       　　的语言形式。
       　　综述的结论(Conclusion)
       　　结论不仅是作者对全文的总结，也是作者发表个人  意见  的部分，一般有标题Conclusion 或
       　　Summary，较短的综述如果没有小标题，则往往有As mentioned above，To sum up，To
       　　conclude，Inshort，In all 等  短语  引出结论。结论的内容包括：对述评的归纳、对各种问
       　　题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。
       　　二.注意事项
       　　⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一 点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述，甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。
       　　⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的 文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。
       　　⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清 作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。
       　　⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略，但文献综述绝对不能省略，而 且应是文中引用过的，能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。
       　　5.文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍，而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此，文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。
       　　6.文献综述要文字简洁，尽量避免大量引用原文，要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚，从原始文献中得出一般性结论。
       　　7. 文献综述不是资料库，要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”，确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关，其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起，既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势，又能反映研究内容的各个方面。
       　　8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观，用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献，尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。
       　　VII. A Sample of Literature Review
       　　A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations
       　　Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92～94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue   Word  s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ～ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102～105).
       　　Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101～107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ～ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16～18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity
       　　and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).
       　　After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.
       　　References
       　　[1] Blackmore S. The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999
       　　[2] Collins COBUILD English-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，2007. 226
       　　[3] Einar, H. The Analysis of linguistic Borrowing. Language, 1950 (26):210～231
       　　[4] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2004.283
       　　[5] Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Beijing:
       　　Merriam-Webster, 2009. 223
       　　[6] New York Times, Jul. 4, 2010
       　　[7] Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approach Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001
       　　[8] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 268
       　　[9] Romaine, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994
       　　[10]陈原. 社会语言学. 北京：商务印书馆，2000
       　　[11]陈原. 新词语. 北京：  语文  出版社，2000:1
       　　[12]丁加勇. 论流行语语义的不确定性及其发展前景. 华中  科技  大学学报，
       　　2004，(6)：160～164
       　　[13]郭 熙，中国社会语言学. 南京：南京大学出版社, 1999.151
       　　[14]韩李. 当代汉语流行语探析. 河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2007,
       　　(3)：181
       　　[15]黄平飞. 浅论流行语——透过央视春晚来看流行语.科教文汇(下旬刊)，
       　　2009,(3):237
       　　[16]姜红. 试论  当代中国  的社会流行语. 安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版)，
       　　2005，(11)：108～112
       　　[17]劲松.流行语新探.语文建设,1999,(3):22～26
       　　[18]李娜. 近十年流行语研究述评. 鞍山师范学院学报，2007-06,9(3)：35～[39]赵丽薇，袁
       　　晓雪. 流行语的运用方式及使用规范探究——以春晚语言类节目
       　　为例. 调查与研究,2010,(8): 15～16
       　　References
       　　李丽君.   英语    学术论文  及  留学  文书写作[M]. 北京： 清华大学出版社， 2002. 田贵森, 段晓英.英语专业  毕业    论文写作  教程[M]. 北京： 北京理工大学出版社.
       　　2006.
       　　刘振聪. 英语学术论文写作[M]. 北京： 中国人民大学出版社. 2009

7. 怎么写文献综述

文献综述是对论文选题研究现状的梳理，但并不仅仅是把文献进行简单的堆砌与罗列，而是需要在总结梳理别人研究的同时，对已有的研究做出评价，也就是说有述有评，这也是为什么文献综述也叫做文献述评的原因。

8. 怎么写文献综述

文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文， 它是科学文献的一种。 
文献综述是反映当前某一领域中某分支学科或重要专题的最新进展、学术见解和建议的它往往能反映出有关问题的新动态、新趋势、新水平、新原理和新技术等等。 
要求同学们学写综述，至少有以下好处：①通过搜集文献资料过程，可进一步熟悉医学文献的查找方法和资料的积累方法；在查找的过程中同时也扩大了知识面；②查找文献资料、写文献综述是临床科研选题及进行临床科研的第一步，因此学习文献综述的撰写也是为今后科研活动打基础的过程；③通过综述的写作过程，能提高归纳、分析、综合能力，有利于独立工作能力和科研能力的提高；④文献综述选题范围广，题目可大可小，可难可易，可根据自己的能力和兴趣自由选题。 
文献综述与"读书报告"、"文献复习"、"研究进展"等有相似的地方，它们都是从某一方面的专题研究论文或报告中归纳出来的。但是，文献综述既不象"读书报告"、"文献复习"那样，单纯把一级文献客观地归纳报告，也不象"研究进展"那样只讲科学进程，其特点是"综"，"综"是要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理，使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次；"述"就是要求对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述。总之，文献综述是作者对某一方面问题的历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容进行评论的科学性论文。 
写文献综述一般经过以下几个阶段：即选题，搜集阅读文献资料、拟定提纲（包括归纳、整理、分析）和成文。 
一、选题和搜集阅读文献 
撰写文献综述通常出于某种需要，如为某学术会议的专题、从事某项科研、为某方面积累文献资料等等，所以，文献综述的选题，作者一般是明确的，不象科研课题选题那么困难。文献综述选题范围广，题目可大可小，大到一个领域、一个学科，小到一种疾病、一个方法、一个理论，可根据自己的需要而定，初次撰写文献综述，特别是实习同学所选题目宜小些，这样查阅文献的数量相对较小，撰写时易于归纳整理，否则，题目选得过大，查阅文献花费的时间太多，影响实习，而且归纳整理困难，最后写出的综述大题小作或是文不对题。 
选定题目后，则要围绕题目进行搜集与文题有关的文献。关于搜集文献的有关方法，前面的有关章节已经介绍，如看专著、年鉴法、浏览法、滚雪球法、检索法等等，在此不再重复。搜集文献要求越全越好，因而最常用的方法是用检索法。搜集好与文题有关的参考文献后，就要对这些参考文献进行阅读、归纳、整理，如何从这些文献中选出具有代表性、科学性和可靠性大的单篇研究文献十分重要，从某种意义上讲，所阅读和选择的文献的质量高低，直接影响文献综述的水平。因此在阅读文献时，要写好"读书笔记"、"读书心得"和做好"文献摘录卡片"。有自己的语言写下阅读时得到的启示、体会和想法，将文献的精髓摘录下来，不仅为撰写综述时提供有用的资料，而且对于训练自己的表达能力，阅读水平都有好处，特别是将文献整理成文献摘录卡片，对撰写综述极为有利。 
二、格式与写法 
文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，特别是阳性结果，而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，在根据提纲进行撰写工。 
前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。 
主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述，主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。 
总结部分，与研究性论文的小结有些类似，将全文主题进行扼要总结，对所综述的主题有研究的作者，最好能提出自己的见解。 
参考文献虽然放在文末，但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据，而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线"。因此，应认真对待。参考文献的编排应条目清楚，查找方便，内容准确无误。关于参考文献的使用方法，录著项目及格式与研究论文相同，不再重复。 
三、注意事项 
由于文献综述的特点，致使它的写作既不同于"读书笔记""读书报告"，也不同于一般的科研论文。因此，在撰写文献综述时应注意以下几个问题： 
⒈搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好多综述的，甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。 
⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。 
⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。 
⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略，但文献综述绝对不能省略，而且应是文中引用过的，能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。 
总之，一篇好的文献综述，应有较完整的文献资料，有评论分析，并能准确地反映主题内容

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