Enforcing Kernel Security Invariants with Data Flow Integrity翻译

1. Enforcing Kernel Security Invariants with Data Flow Integrity翻译

加强核心安全与数据流整体性的不变性

2. 仓库管理的实习论文或报告怎么写啊

目    录

摘要…………………………………………………………………………1
Abstract……………………………………………………………………2
 
第一章   绪论………………………………………………………………3
1. 1管理信息系统的概述………………………………………………………3
1. 2数据库应用系统开发简介…………………………………………………3
1. 3库存管理系统………………………………………………………………5
1.3.1国内外同类管理软件的研究现状与发展趋势…………………………………  5
1.3.2库存管理系统研究背景与意义……………………………………………………6
第二章 数据库理论基础……………………………………………………7
2.1数据库系统设计………………………………………………………………7
2.2SQL语言介绍…………………………………………………………………7
2.2.1SQL基础……………………………………………………………………………7
2.2.2SQL语句……………………………………………………………………………8
第三章  应用系统开发工具……………………………………………… 9
3.1Visual Basic简介及实现原理…………………………………………………9
3.2数据库组件介绍………………………………………………………………9
3.3SQL语言在VB中的应用…………………………………………………… 10
3.4Access2000简述………………………………………………………………11
第四章   库存管理系统设计分析…………………………………………12
4.1需求分析………………………………………………………………………12
4.2模块划分………………………………………………………………………13
4.3数据库设计……………………………………………………………………15
第五章   应用程序设计……………………………………………………18
5.1程序结构……………………………………………………………………18
5.2程序源代码…………………………………………………………………19
第六章   设计总结……………………………………………………… 38
参考文献……………………………………………………………………39
 
摘要
 随着现代工业的发展，计算机信息管理系统越来越受到企业重视。本文主要分析了库存管理系统的一些基本功能和组成情况，包括系统的需求分析、系统结构，功能模块划分以及数据库模式分析等，重点对应用程序的实际开发实现作了介绍。达到了数据的一致性和安全性，且应用程序功能完备，符合了库存管理系统作为典型的信息管理系统(MIS)的要求。同时简单介绍了Visual Basic编程环境和Access数据库管理系统的功能特点，库存管理系统是企业物流管理中不可或缺的一部分。



关键词：库存管理，数据库，信息管理，VB


 
Abstract
With the development of modern industry, the information management system of the computer is being paid attention to by enterprises. This text has analysed some basic functions of the administrative system of the stock and makes up the situation mainly, including the systematic demand is analysed, systematic structure, the function module divides and the data base mode is analysed etc., have realized doing the introduction to the actual development of the application program especially. Having reached the consistency and security of the data, and the application program function is complete, have accorded with the administrative system of the stock as the request for the typical information management system (MIS). Introduced the function characteristics of Visual Basic programming environment and Access data base management system briefly at the same time, the administrative system of the stock is an indispensable part in enterprise's material flow management.




Keywords: stock management, database, information management, VB
 
第一章 绪论
库存管理系统是一个企事业单位不可缺少的一部分,它的内容对于企业的决策者和管理者来说都是至关重要的，因此，库存管理系统应该能够为用户提供充足的信息和快捷的查询手段，但一直以来人们使用传统的人工方式管理库存，这种管理方式存在着许多缺点，诸如效率低，保密性差等，而且时间一长，将产生大量的文件和数据，这对于查找、更新和维护都带来了不少的困难。
随着科学技术的不断提高，计算机科学不断发展，其强大的功能已经被人们深刻认识，它已经进入了人类社会的各个领域并发挥着越来越重要的作用。
作为计算机应用的一部分，使用计算机对产品库存信息进行管理，具有着人工管理无法比拟的优点，它检索迅速、查找方便、可靠性高、存储量大、保密性好、寿命长、成本低等，可减少更多的人力物力，这些都能够极大地提高货品库存的管理效率，也是企业库存管理科学化、正规化，与世界接轨的重要条件。因此，开发一个库存管理系统是很有必要的，具有其特有的技术意义和管理意义。
  
1.1管理信息系统的概述
管理信息系统（简称MIS）是在管理科学、系统科学、计算机科学等的基础上发展起来的综合性边缘科学。在21世纪信息高速发展的时代中，管理信息系统具有很重要的作用，它的预测和辅助决策的功能，即利用现代管理的决策和支持。
管理信息系统是一个由人、机（计算机）组成的能进行管理信息的收集、传递、存储、加工、维护和使用的系统。它能观测企业或组织的各种运动情况，利用过去的数据预测未来；从全局出发辅助决策；利用信息控制企业或组织行为，帮助其实现长远的规划目标。简言之，管理信息系统是一个以计算机为工具，具有数据处理、预测、控制和辅助决策功能的信息系统。
管理信息系统是一个人机系统，同时它又是一个一体化集成系统。管理信息系统是信息系统的一个子系统，它以计算机技术、通讯技术和软件技术为技术基础，同时将现代管理理论、现代管理方法及各级管理人员融为一体，最终为某个组织整体的管理与决策服务，是由人和计算机组成的能进行管理信息的收集、传递、存储、加工、维护和使用的系统。
管理信息系统的基本结构可以概括为四大部件，即信息源、信息处理器、信息用户和信息管理者。因此，一个成功的管理信息系统应该具有可靠的硬件、实用的软件、强有力的现代化管理水平。具体讲，管理信息系统的三大支柱是：计算机网络、数据库和现代化的管理，这三打支柱称为管理信息系统的扩展部件。
1.2数据库应用系统开发简介
在数据库应用系统开发之前，对开发数据库的基本概念应当了解，对数据库的结构、开发数据库应用程序的步骤、开发体系及方法都应当有相当清晰的了解和认识。
数据库应用系统开发的目标是建立一个满足用户长期需求的产品。开发的主要过程为：理解用户的需求，然后，把它们转变为有效的数据库设计。把设计转变为实际的数据库，并且这些数据库带有功能完备、高效能的应用。
数据库技术在计算机软件邻域研究中一直是非常重要的主题，产生于60年代，30多年来数据库技术得到了迅速发展，并已形成较为完整的理论体系和一大批实用系统。并且，近年来，随着World Wide Web(WWW)的猛增及Internet技术的迅速发展，使得数据库技术之时成为最热门技术之一。
1.2.1数据库
数据库由DBMS（数据库管理系统）处理，DBMS则由开发人员和用户通过应用程序直接或间接地使用。它主要包括四个要素：用户数据、元数据、索引和应用元数据。
一、用户数据
目前，大多数主流数据库管理系统把用户数据表示为关系。现在把关系看作数据表。表的列包含域或属性，表的行包含对应业务环境中的实体的记录。并非所有的关系都同样符合要求，有些关系比其它关系更结构化一些。
为了对比结构差的关系和结构好的关系之间的差别，以图书管理系统中的图书和图书借阅者关系为例来说明，假若设计关系R1（借书证号，姓名，性别，身份编号，身份证，联系电话，图书编号,图书名称，图书类别，作者，出版社，出版日期，备注，价格，数量）；这个关系的问题出在它有关于两个不同主题的数据，就是图书借阅者和图书。用这种方式构成的关系在进行修改时，会出现问题。因为一个图书借阅者可能借阅多本书，如果某个图书借阅者的某个字段（如联系电话）出现变更，它所借阅的图书记录（可能多个）也就必须变化，这是不好的。因此数据用两个关系表示更好。现在如果某图书借阅者改变了它的联系电话，只有关系（表）user的对应行需要改变。当然，要想产生一个，显示图书名称及其借阅者联系电话的报表，就需要将这两个表的行结合起来。结果表明，将关系分别存储，在生成报表的时候将它们结合起来，比把它们存储在一个合成的表中更好。
user（借书证号，姓名，性别，身份编号，身份证，联系电话，）
book（图书编号,图书名称，图书类别，作者，出版社，出版日期，备注，价格，数量）
二、元数据
数据库是自描述的，这就意味着它自身包含了它的结构的描述，这种结构的描述称作元数据。因为DBMS产品是用来存储和操纵表的，所以大多数产品把元数据以表的形式存储，有时称作系统表。这些系统表存储了数据库中表的情况，指出每一个表中有多少列，那一列是主关键字，每一列的数据类型的描述，它也存储索引、关键字、规则和数据库结构的其他部分。
在表中存储元数据不仅对DBMS是有效的，对用户也是方便的，因为他们可以使用与查询用户数据同样的查询工具来查询元数据。
三、索引
第三种类型的数据改进了数据库的性能和可访问性，这种数据经常称作开销数据，尽管有时也采用其他类型的数据结构，如链表，但它主要还是索引。索引可以用来排序和快速访问数据。下面以库存管理系统中的货品信息表为例来说明。
假定数据在磁盘上是按’货品编号’的递增顺序排列的，用户想打印一个按’货品名称’排序的货品数据报表。为此，所有的数据都需要从源表中提取出来并排序，除非表很小，否则这是一个很费时的过程。或者，可以在‘货品名称’字段上创建一个索引，该索引的条目按照‘货品名称’排序，这样，该索引的条目可以读出来，并用来按顺序访问货品信息数据。
索引用于快速访问数据。例如，一个用户只想访问货品信息表中‘类别’值为‘01’的那些货品。如果没有索引，则必须搜索整个源表；但有了索引之后，可以找到索引条目，并使用它来挑选所有合适的行。
索引对排序和查找是有帮助的，但要付出代价。货品信息表中的行每次改变时，索引也必须改变，这意味着索引并非随意的，应该在真正需要时保存。
四、应用元数据
存储在数据库中的第四种数据是应用元数据，它用来存储用户窗体、报表、查询和其他形式的查询组件。并非所有的DBMS都支持应用组件，支持组件的DBMS也不一定把全部组件的结构作为应用元数据存储在数据库中。然而，大多数现代的DBMS产品存储这种数据作为数据库的一部分。一般来说，数据库开发人员和用户都不直接访问应用元数据，相反，他们通过DBMS中的工具来处理这些数据。
Access 2000中就支持窗体、存储过程等应用元数据。
1.2.2数据库管理系统
数据库管理系统（DBMS）是指数据库系统中管理数据的软件系统。DBMS是数据库系统的核心组成部分。对数据库的一切操作，包括定义、更新及各种控制,都是通过DBMS进行的。DBMS总是基于某种数据模型，可以把DBMS看成是某种数据模型在计算机系统上的具体实现。根据数据模型的不同，DBMS可以分成层次型、网状型、关系型、面向对象型等。
关系模型。关系模型主要是用二维表格结构表达实体集，用外键表示实体间联系。关系模型是由若干个关系模式组成的集合。关系模式相当于前面提到的记录类型，它的实例称为关系，每个关系实际上是一张二维表格。
关系模型和层次、网状模型的最大判别是用关键码而不是用指针导航数据，表格简单用户易懂，编程时并不涉及存储结构，访问技术等细节。关系模型是数学化模型。SQL语言是关系数据库的标准化语言，已得到了广泛的应用。
DBMS的特点和功能可以分为三个子系统：设计工具子系统、运行子系统和DBMS引擎。
设计子系统有一个方便数据库及其应用创建的工具集。它典型地包含产生表、窗体、查询和报表的工具。DBMS产品还提供编程语言和对编程语言的接口。
运行子系统处理用设计子系统开发的应用组件。它所包含的运行处理器用来处理窗体和数据库的数据交互，以及回答查询和打印报表等。
DBMS引擎从其他两个组件接受请求，并把它们翻译成对操作系统的命令，以便读写物理介质上的数据。DBMS引擎还涉及事务管理、锁、备份和恢复。
1.3库存管理系统
当今时代是飞速发展的信息时代，在各行各业中离不开信息处理，这正是计算机被广泛应用于信息处理系统的环境。计算机最大的好处在于利用它能够进行信息管理，使用计算机进行信息控制，不仅提高了工作效率，而且大大的提高了其安全性。尤其对复杂的信息管理，计算机能够充分发挥它的优越性。计算机进行信息管理与信息管理系统的开发密切相关，系统的开发是系统管理的前提。
仓库作为一总货品资源的集散地，货品的种类繁多，包含很多的信息数据的管理。据调查得知，以前仓库进行信息管理的方式主要是基于文本、表格等纸介质的手工处理，对于货品的出入库情况的统计和核实等往往采用对账本的人工检查，对管理者的管理权限等不受约束，任何人都可查看，这样容易引起资料外泄。另外，数据信息处理工作量大，容易出错，由于数据繁多，容易丢失，且不易查找。总的来说，缺乏系统、规范的信息管理手段。而且，一般的存储情况是记录在账本上的，仓库的工作人员和管理员也只是当时记得比较清楚，时间一长，如果再要进行查询，就得在众多的资料中翻阅查找了，这样造成费时、费力，如要对很长时间以前的货品进行更改就更加困难了。因此，很有必要建立一个库存管理系统，使货品管理工作规范化，系统化，程序化。提高信息处理的速度和准确性。
1.3.1国内外同类管理软件的研究现状与发展趋势
现在国内外对此类系统的开发与研究也是很有实用性的，基本上能满足各企业的自身特点，来进行库存方面的管理，同时，改类系统又都在不断地深入与发展，来适用更多的企业，一般都能运用于各个企业的库存管理，但是都没有针对大众的广泛应用，只能运用某个企业或单位，这一点还有待于今后的进一步开发与实践。
今后此类软件将会向条码库存管理系统发展，现阶段，伴随物流及管理信息化、网络化的发展，应用条码技术进行库存管理、实现仓库作业自动化，将是一个必然的发展趋势，也是需要迫切解决的一个现实问题。随着信息化技术的不断提高和应用的日渐普及，更多的商品拥有自己的条码，而且，使用条码化工作代替传统作业模式，减少了手工输入，这样不但提高了作业效率，还能确保资料正确，并减少因人为失误所造成的损失。
1、技术应用于库存管理是实现仓库管理自动化的有效途径
库存品种多，数量大。因此，要实现收发作业的快速、准确、高效，仓储管理自动化势在必行。而实现管理自动化的“瓶颈”则是产品信息的采集、输入。传统手工作业方式，在信息采集量加大的情形下，半因信息不能及时的反馈，给收发作业造成一定的困难。利用条码技术，在入库及其包装上加贴条码，配之以仓库信息管理系统进行作业，不仅可提高效率，降低作业强度，也将大大提高产品收发作业准确率（如键盘输入仅为百分之一），进而实现仓库管理的全面自动化。
2、技术应用于库存管理对提高仓库作业效率有重要作用
将条码技术和仓库管理信息系统结合起来，用于产品收、发、保管等全过程控制管理，不仅可改变信息采集的传统手工作业方式，降低作业强度，还可避免由此造成的各种差错，提高作业效率和科学管库水平。比较发现，信息输入时，条码输入速度是键盘输入的5倍。入库时，通常保管员根据产品上的条码所反映出的册序号、出厂期、生产厂家、单价、封存（保管）期等信息，进行实物点验，同时将条码信息录入到管理信息系统；出库时，保管员根据航材发付单内容，持条码扫描装置进行器材拣选，并完成信息录入；清库盘点时，保管员可持扫描装备进行数质量等内容核对，并半采集的信息录入管理系统中进行自动盘点，生成清库对帐单等，完成清库盘点作业。
3、技术应用于库存管理是完善产品保障信息网络的重要手段
储存产品信息是产品保障信息网络的重要组成部分，是做好产品供应保障工作的基础。产品保障信息网是实现物资储运全过程可视化的前提。目前，有些仓库内部局域网已经建成并投入使用，并与业务主管部门实现了信息沟通，库存保障信息网在日常航材保障工作中实现了信息沟通，库存保障信息网在日常产品保障工作中的作用日趋明显。条码技术在储存管理中的应用，可进一步完善系统各仓库之间及各仓库与作业主管部门之间的信息共享和交换功能，最终达到对产品的全程跟踪管理，充分发挥条码技术在整个流通中的作用。
同时，在软件系统的研发过程中，将会融入一种EPR的企业管理思想。大量的研究与实践已经充分表明，ERP作为一种现代企业管理的思想和方法，将其大力地推广应用就是有效的促使我国企业管理朝着更加科学化、合理化和规范化方向发展的一种具体方法和途径。
另外，库存管理的信息化和可视化，每个企业将会拥有两个仓库，一个是装满货物的仓库，还有一个就是管理系统里的数据库，对上万种货物分别编码，使其成为计算机可识别的语言，形象地说，货架上的号码就是货物的地址，从而避免了货物的分拣和提取时的翻箱倒柜式的查找。
1.3.2库存管理系统研究背景与意义
随着我国经济的飞速发展，各种类型规模的公司企业迅速崛起，许多从事生产和经营管理的企业都有自己生产和销售的产品，而这些产品都需要储存在仓库中，对于每个企业来说，随着企业规模的不断扩大，产品数量的急剧增加，所生产产品的种类也会不断地更新与发展，有关产品的各种信息量也会成倍增长。面对庞大的产品信息量，如何有效地管理库存产品，对这些企业来说是非常重要的，库存管理的重点是销售信息能否及时反馈，从而确保企业运行效益。而库存管理又涉及入库、出库的产品、经办人员及客户等方方面面的因素，如何管理这些信息数据，是一项复杂的系统工程，充分考验着仓库管理员的工作能力，工作量的繁重是可想而知的，所以这就需要由库存管理系统来提高库存管理工作的效率，这对信息的规范管理、科学统计和快速查询，减少管理方面的工作量，同时对于调动广大员工的工作积极性，提高企业的生产效率，都具有十分重要的现实意义。
 
太多了发不下了 想要联系我 qq 298762620

3. 英文翻译高分悬赏（会计分析）

Data analysis: current ratio to reflect changes in the near future due cash current assets to repay current liabilities. This ratio is close to the company standard ratio of 2, indicating that business short-term repayment ability is more stable. But by 10 compared with 09, declining state, description of the company's short-term debt-paying ability has fallen, the enterprise's financial situation is not stable, in addition to daily production and business operation needs for liquidity, due does not have sufficient financial resources to repay current liabilities. Quick ratio of vanke group has been low, less than 1, 0.5568, ratio of 10, respectively, from the surface of the data shows poor short-term debt-paying ability of the company, but due to the special cases of vanke group, inventory represent a high ratio of current assets, and therefore falls within the normal range. Seen from a related index, cash ratio indicates that in the worst case is the role of short-term debt-paying ability, cash ratio, the higher the note immediate liquidation of enterprise more competent. From the statistical data, vanke cash ratio declined to 10 per cent in 09 29. 17%, vanke inventory liquidation capacity is the main factor restricting short-term debt-paying ability. But because of China vanke group has a good reputation, so that they can through bank loans and other ways to solve a temporary shortage of funds.

4. inventory and warehousing 什么意思?

inventory and warehousing 
存货与仓储（《审计》课程加试英语关键名词）

解析：
inventory ['invəntəri, -tɔ:ri] 
n. 存货，存货清单；详细目录；财产清册
[ 复数inventories 过去式inventoried 过去分词inventoried 现在分词inventorying ] 


warehousing ['wεə,hausiŋ]
 n. 储仓；（商业银行所提供的）周转性短期贷款
v. 把…存入仓库；使落栈（warehouse的现在分词）


其它：
internal control flowchart 内部控制流程图

inventory and warehousing cycle 存货与仓储循环 

legal liability 法律责任

希望对你有帮助 望采纳  谢谢

5. Information System Development and Database Development求问，这个外文翻译出自哪里？

信息系统开发和数据库开发
Information System Development and Database Development In many organizations, database development from the beginning of enterprise data modeling, data modeling enterprises determine the scope of the database and the general content. This step usually occurs in an organization's information system planning process, it aims to help organizations create an overall data description or explanation, and not the design of a specific database. A specific database for one or more information systems provide data and the corporate data model (which may involve a number of databases) described by the organization maintaining the scope of the data. Data modeling in the enterprise, you review of the current system, the need to support analysis of the nature of the business areas, the need for further description of the abstract data, and planning one or more database development project. Figure 1 shows Pine Valley furniture company's enterprise data model of a part.  1.1 Information System Architecture  As shown in figure 1, senior data model is only general information system architecture (ISA) or a part of an organization's information system blueprint. In the information system planning, you can build an enterprise data model as a whole information system architecture part. According to Zachman (1987), Sowa and Zachman (1992) views of an information system architecture consists of the following six key components:  Data (Figure 1 shows, but there are other methods that).  Manipulation of data processing (of a data flow diagram can be used, with the object model methods, or other symbols that).  Networks, which organizations and in organizations with its main transmission of data between business partners (it can connect through the network topology map and to demonstrate).  People who deal with the implementation of data and information and is the source and receiver (in the process model for the data shows that the sender and the receiver).  Implementation of the events and time points (they can use state transition diagram and other means.)  The reasons for the incident and data processing rules (often in the form of text display, but there are also a number of charts for the planning tools such as decision tables).  1.2 Information Engineering  Information systems planners in accordance with the specific information system planning methods developed information system architecture. Information engineering is a popular and formal methods. Information engineering is a data-oriented creation and maintenance of the information system. Information engineering is because the data-oriented, so when you begin to understand how the database is defined by the logo and when information engineering a concise explanation is very helpful. Information Engineering follow top-down planning approach, in which specific information systems from a wide range of information needs in the understanding derived from (for example, we need about customers, products, suppliers, sales and processing of the data center), rather than merging many detailed information requested ( orders such as a screen or in accordance with the importation of geographical sales summary report). Top-down planning will enable developers to plan more comprehensive information system, consider system components provide an integrated approach to enhance the information system and the relationship between the business objectives of the understanding, deepen their understanding of information systems throughout the organization in understanding the impact.  Information Engineering includes four steps: planning, analysis, design and implementation. The planning stage of project information generated information system architecture, including enterprise data model.  1.3 Information System Planning   Information systems planning objective is to enable IT organizations and the business strategy closely integrated, such integration for the information systems and technology to make the most of the investment interest is very important. As the table as a description, information engineering approach the planning stage include three steps, we in the follow-up of three sections they discussed.  1. Critical factors determining the planning  Planning is the key factor that organizational objectives, critical success factors and problem areas. These factors determine the purpose of the establishment of planning and environment planning and information systems linked to strategic business planning. Table 2 shows the Pine Valley furniture company's key planning a number of possible factors, these factors contribute to the information systems manager for the new information systems and databases clubs top priority to deal with the demand. For example, given the imprecise sales forecasts this problem areas, information systems managers in the organization may be stored in the database additional historical sales data, new market research data and new product test data.  2. The planning organizations set targets  Organizations planning targets defined scope of business, and business scope will limit the subsequent analysis and information systems may change places. Five key planning targets as follows:  ● organizational units in the various sectors.  ● organizations location of the place of business operations.  ● functions of the business support organizations handling mission of the relevant group. Unlike business organizations function modules, in fact a function can be assigned to various organizations modules (for example, product development function is the production and sale of the common responsibility of the Ministry).  ● types of entities managed by the organization on the people, places and things of the major types of data.  ● Information System data set processing software applications and support procedures.  3. To set up a business model  A comprehensive business model including the functions of each enterprise functional decomposition model, the enterprise data model and the various planning matrix. Functional decomposition is the function of the organization for a more detailed decomposition process, the functional decomposition is to simplify the analysis of the issue, distracted and identify components and the use of the classical approach. Pine Valley furniture company in order to function in the functional decomposition example in figure 2 below. In dealing with business functions and support functions of the full set, multiple databases, is essential to a specific database therefore likely only to support functions (as shown in Figure 2) provide a subset of support. In order to reduce data redundancy and to make data more meaningful, has a complete, high-level business view is very helpful.  The use of specific enterprise data model to describe the symbol. Apart from the graphical description of this type of entity, a complete enterprise data model should also include a description of each entity type description of business operations and a summary of that business rules. Business rules determine the validity of the data.  An enterprise data model includes not only the types of entities, including the link between the data entities, as well as various other objects planning links. Showed that the linkage between planning targets a common form of matrix. Because of planning matrix need not be explicit modeling database can be clearly described business needs, planning matrix is an important function. Regular planning matrix derived from the operational rules, it will help social development activities that top priority will be sorting and development activities under the top-down view through an enterprise-wide approach for the development of these activities. There are many types of planning matrix is available, their commonalities are:   ● locations - features show business function in which the implementation of operational locations.  ● unit - functions which showed that business function or business unit responsible for implementation.  ● Information System - data entities to explain how each information system interact with each data entity (for example, whether or not each system in each entity have the data to create, retrieve, update and delete).  ● support functions - data in each functional entities in the data set for the acquisition, use, update and delete.  ● Information System - target indication for each information system to support business objectives.  Figure 3 illustrate a possible functions - data entities matrix. Such a matrix can be used for a variety of purposes, including the following three objectives:  1) identify gaps in the data entities to indicate the types of entities not use any function or functions which do not use any entity.  2) found that the loss of each functional entities involved in the inspection staff through the matrix to identify any possible loss of the entity.  3) The distinction between development activities if the priority to the top of a system development function for a high-priority (probably because it important organizational objectives related), then this area used by entities in the development of the database has a high priority.  Hoffer, George and Valacich (2002) are the works of the matrix on how to use the planning and completion of the Information Engineering  The planning system more complete description.  2 database development process  Based on information engineering information systems planning database is a source of development projects. These new database development projects is usually in order to meet the strategic needs of organizations, such as improving customer support, improve product and inventory management, or a more accurate sales forecast. However, many more database development project is the bottom-up approach emerging, such as information system user needs specific information to complete their work, thus beginning a project request, and as other information systems experts found that organizations need to improve data management and begin new projects. Bottom-up even in the circumstances, to set up an enterprise data model is also necessary to understand the existing database can provide the necessary data, otherwise, the new database, data entities and attributes can be added to the current data resources to the organization.  Both the strategic needs or operational information needs of each database development projects normally concentrated in a database. Some projects only concentrated in the database definition, design and implementation of a database, as a follow-up to the basis of the development of information systems. However, in most cases, the database and associated information processing function as a complete information systems development project was part of the development.  2.1 System Development Life Cycle  Guide management information system development projects is the traditional process of system development life cycle (SDLC). System development life cycle is an organization of the database designers and programmers information system composed of the Panel of Experts detailed description, development, maintenance and replacement of the entire information system steps. This process is because Waterfall than for every step into the adjacent the next step, that is, the information system is a specification developed by a piece of land, every piece of the output is under an input. However shown in the figure, these steps are not purely linear, each of the steps overlap in time (and thus can manage parallel steps), but when the need to reconsider previous decisions, but also to roll back some steps ahead. (And therefore water can be put back in the waterfall!)  Figure 4 on the system development life cycle and the purpose of each stage of the product can be delivered concise notes. The system development life cycle including each stage and database development-related activities, therefore, the question of database management systems throughout the entire development process. In Figure 5 we repeat of the system development life cycle stage of the seven, and outlines the common database at each stage of development activities. Please note that the systems development life cycle stages and database development steps一一对应exists between the relationship between the concept of modeling data in both systems development life cycle stages between.  Enterprise Modeling  Database development process from the enterprise modeling (system development life cycle stage of the project feasibility studies, and to choose a part), Organizations set the scope and general database content. Enterprise modeling in information systems planning and other activities, these activities determine which part of information systems need to change and strengthen the entire organization and outlines the scope of data. In this step, check the current database and information systems, development of the project as the main areas of the nature of the business, with a very general description of each term in the development of information systems when needed data. Each item only when it achieved the expected goals of organizations can be when the next step.  Conceptual Data Modeling  One has already begun on the Information System project, the concept of data modeling phase of the information systems needs of all the data. It is divided into two stages. First, it began the project in the planning stage and the establishment of a plan similar to Figure 1. At the same time outlining the establishment of other documents to the existing database without considering the circumstances specific development projects in the scope of the required data. This category only includes high-level data (entities), and main contact. Then in the system development life-cycle analysis stage must have a management information system set the entire organization Details of the data model definition of all data attributes, listing all data types that all data inter-entity business linkages, defining description of the full data integrity rules. In the analysis phase, but also the concept of inspection data model (also called the concept behind the model) and the goal of information systems used to explain other aspects of the model of consistency categories, such as processing steps, rules and data processing time of timing. However, even if the concept is such detailed data model is only preliminary, because follow-up information system life cycle activities in the design of services, statements, display and inquiries may find that missing element or mistakes. Therefore, the concept of data often said that modeling is a top-down manner, its areas of operation from the general understanding of the driver, rather than the specific information processing activities by the driver.  3. Logical Database Design  Logical database design from two perspectives database development. First, the concept of data model transform into relational database theory based on the criteria that means - between. Then, as the design of information systems, every computer procedures (including procedures for the input and output format), database support services, statements, and inquiries revealed that a detailed examination. In this so-called Bottom-up analysis, accurate verification of the need to maintain the database and the data in each affairs, statements and so on the needs of those in the nature of the data.  For each separate statements, services, and so on the analysis must take into account a specific, limited but complete database view. When statements, services, and other analysis might be necessary to change the concept of data model. Especially in large-scale projects, the different analytical systems development staff and the team can work independently in different procedures or in a centralized, the details of their work until all the logic design stage may be displayed. In these circumstances, logic database design stage must be the original concept of data model and user view these independent or merged into a comprehensive design. In logic design information systems also identify additional information processing needs of these new demands at this time must be integrated into the logic of earlier identified in the database design.  Logical database design is based on the final step for the formation of good data specifications and determine the rules, the combination, the data after consultation specifications or converted into basic atomic element. Most of today's database, these rules from the relational database theory and the process known as standardization. This step is the result of management of these data have not cited any database management system for a complete description of the database map. Logical database design completed, we began to identify in detail the logic of the computer program and maintenance, the report contents of the database for inquiries.  4. Physical database design and definition  Physical database design and definition phase decisions computer memory (usually disk) database in the organization, definition of According to the library management system for physical structure, the procedures outlined processing services, produce the desired management information and decision support statements. The objective of this stage is to design an effective and safe management of all data-processing database, the physical database design to closely integrate the information systems of other physical aspects of the design, including procedures, computer hardware, operating systems and data communications networks.  5. Database Implementation  The database prepared by the realization stage, testing and installation procedures for handling databases. Designers can use the standard programming language (such as COBOL, C or Visual Basic), the dedicated database processing languages (such as SQL), or the process of the non-exclusive language programming in order to produce a statement of the fixed format, the result will be displayed, and may also include charts. In achieving stage, but also the completion of all the database files, training users for information systems (database) user setup program. The final step is to use existing sources of information (documents legacy applications and databases and now needs new data) loading data. Loading data is often the first step in data from existing files and databases to an intermediate format (such as binary or text files) and then to turn intermediate loading data to a new database. Finally, running databases and related applications for the actual user maintenance and retrieval of data. In operation, the regular backup database and the database when damaged or affected resume database.  6. Database maintenance  During the database in the progressive development of database maintenance. In this step, in order to meet changing business conditions, in order to correct the erroneous database design, database applications or processing speed increase, delete or change the structure of the database. When a procedure or failure of the computer database affect or damage the database may also be reconstruction. This step usually is the longest in the database development process step, as it continued to databases and related applications throughout the life cycle, the development of each database can be seen as a brief database development process and data modeling concepts arise, logical and physical database design and database to achieve dealing with the changes.

6. 翻译！论文摘要！英语好的，进，挑战笔译！

[ Abstract ] In popular saying, the so-called electronic commerce is the on-line development commerce activity - which works as the enterprise, its main service through the enterprise interior network (Intranet), exterior net (Extranet) as well as Internet and enterprise's staff members, customer supply and sales business as well as the partner direct is connected, in which occurs each kind of activity is the electronic commerce. The electronic commerce was based on Internet/Intranet or the local area network, WAN, has included from the sale, the market to the commercial information management entire process. Realizes through the electronic commerce on-line shopping system construction to the commercial retail sales enterprise provides the information management. Has established the B2C network sale system. Emphatically elaborated the system function and the realization, the data flow and the memory, including inventory, user registration, on-line ordering and shopping, stock inquiry, backstage data bank administration and so on. Using the HTML language, the VBScript technology, ADO, ASP and the backstage database link and so on the essential technology constructs the on-line shopping system. Realizes below the on-line shopping system the function: (1) is the customer provides 24 hours conveniences quick on-line services. (2) commodity information maintenance and management. (3) the highly effective commodity data plan, carries on the science to the commodity information, nimbly classifies, the memory. (4) is formidable, conveniently, the quick inquiry. (5) subscribes the odd numbers collection module. (6) melts into the customer commercial logic rule the system, namely the basis different customer attribute, provides the different way. (7) customer information feedback and order form management.
[Key words ] B2C, electronic commerce system, ASP, database.

7. 一段翻译

The shopping system construction realizes through the net on to the commercial retail sales enterprise provides the informationization management.Has established the B2C network sale system.
Elaborated the system function and the realization, the data flow and the memory emphatically, including on inventory, user registration, net ordering and shopping, stock inquiry, backstage data bank administration and so on.
Using HTML language, VBScript technology, ADO, ASP and backstage database link and so in key technologies construction network shopping system.
Realizes on the net below the shopping system the function:
(1) is the customer provides 24 hour convenience quick online order service.
(2) commodity information maintenance and management.
(3) highly effective commodity data plan, carries on the science to the commodity information, classifies, the memory nimbly. 
(4) formidable, convenient, quick inquiry
(5) integrates the customer commercial logic rule the system, namely the basis different customer attribute, provides the different payment method.
[Key word]B2C, net shopping system, ASP, database

8. 什么是flow和stock variable

stock variable is a variable measuring a quantity at a moment in time. 
flow variable is a variable measuring a process over some period of time.

具体的说。capital stock是stock variable，而investment spending是flow variable