求一篇与中小企业融资有关的英文原文，并翻译成中文，要求翻译成中文后有3000字以上。本科毕业论文用，急！

1. 求一篇与中小企业融资有关的英文原文，并翻译成中文，要求翻译成中文后有3000字以上。本科毕业论文用，急！

中小企业在一国经济中发挥的作用具有不可替代性，但其进一步的发展却受到许多因素制约，这些因素中最突出的表现就是融资难这已经成为制约其发展的“瓶颈”问题，为了解决融资难的问题，首先就要对融资现状进行分析，本文试图通过对中小企业的自身现状，融资的环境，面临的主要困难等方面进行探讨，从完善我国中小企业融资的法律法规、国有商业银行改革、建立专门的中小企业信贷机构等方面对我国中小企业的融资难题进行讨论。
Abstract: SMEs in a country's economy to play the role of irreplaceability, but its further development is restricted by many factors, the most prominent of these factors in the performance of the financing it has become difficult to control the development of the "bottleneck" , In order to solve the problem of financing, we must first of the status of financing, the paper tried to SMEs on their own status, financing environment, the major difficulties facing such areas to explore, from improving the financing of SMEs in China's laws and regulations, the state-owned Commercial banking reform, the establishment of specialized credit institutions, and other aspects of small and medium enterprises on China's SME financing problems for discussion.

2. 急求有关中小企业融资问题的外文文献

提供一些有关中小企业融资问题的外文文献，供写作参考。

[1] Allen N Berger, Gregory F Udell. The Economics of Small Business Finance:The Role of Private Equity and Debt Markets in Financial Growth Cycle .Journal of Banking and Finance, 1998, (22) . 
[2] Modigliani, F, and Miller, M. h. The cost of capital, corporate finance and the theory of investment .American Economic Review, 1958, (6) :261-297 . 
[3] Mallick, R,&Chakrabotty, A. Credit gap in small business: Some New Evidence[J] .Working Paper from Econpapers. 2002, . 
[4] OECD. A Framework for the Development and Financing of Dynamic Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Turkey .2005,7, (7) . 
[5] Peterson, M,Rajan, R.G. The Benefits of firmcreditor relationship: Evidence from small business data .Journal of Finance, 1994, (49) :3-37 . 
[6] SBA. White Paper of Small Business Administration(1998-2000) .the US Government Printing Office, . 
[7] Kane,E.J. Accelerating inflation,technological innovation,and the decreasing effectiveness of banking regulation .The Journal of Finance36,355-367. 1981, . 
[8] Goss D. Small Business and Society .Routledge. 1991, . 
[9] Samuelson L. Evolutionary Games and Equilibrium Selec-tion[M] .1997, .

3. 现急需中小企业融资问题论文的外文文献，有的帮帮忙啊！

银行参与中小企业融资：超越关系型贷款（降低贷款条件。） 

近年来，中型和小型企业（中小企业）的融资问题，已成为致力于财政与经济发展工作的经济学家们和政策家们的重要议题，备受关注。这种趋势的原因在于，市场经济中，中小型企业占绝大多数，并解决了大份额的就业问题（Hallberg，2001）。此外，多数大型企业通常是由小型企业发展而来，因此，中小型企业的发展投资能力正是经济体进一步繁荣的关键。
 
同时，许多学者与政策家指出，中小型企业的融资问题在于缺乏合适的融资渠道，并理应得到特殊帮助。如，政府应出台增加贷款金额等相关政策。各类研究数据表明了此看法的正确性。举例来说，一项对10,000家来自80多个不同国家的企业数据（Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, Laeven, and Maksimovic 2006）分析表明，其中认为企业发展的最大障碍为融资难的企业，小型企业占到39%，中型企业占据38%，而大型企业占29%。此外，与大型企业的对外融资水平相比，小型企业平均融资资金低于大型企业13个百分点。更为重要的是，特别是对于中小型企业来说，对外融资困难是阻碍企业发展的瓶颈。（Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, and Maksimovic 2005）

在政策方面，许多措施与政策的出台，包括政府对给予企业最高贷款的银行单位发放津贴以及提供公共保障金，用以促进各国中小型企业的融资水平。最典型的例子要属中国的FOGAPE（小型企业担保基金）政策，其鼓励银行给予小型企业贷款，使得小型企业可在较低信用额度的情况下获得贷款。该项政策有着众多特点，包括鼓励减少（贷款中）不正当行为，提升银行之间的竞争力以及银行自身的承担力。

Bank Involvement with SMEs:Beyond Relationship Lending

The financing of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) has attracted much attention in recent years and has become an important topic for economists and policymakers working on financial and economic development. This interest is driven in part by the fact that SMEs account for the majority of firms in an economy and a significant share of employment (Hallberg 2001). Furthermore, most large companies usually start as small enterprises, so the ability of SMEs to develop and invest becomes crucial to any economy wishing to prosper.2
The recent attention on SME financing also comes from the perception among
academics and policymakers that SMEs lack appropriate financing and need to receive special assistance, such as government programs that increase lending. Various studies support this perception. A number of papers find that SMEs are more financially constrained than large firms. For example, using data from 10,000 firms in 80 countries,Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, Laeven, and Maksimovic (2006) show that the probability that a firm rates financing as a major obstacle is 39% for small firms, 38% for medium-size firms, and 29% for large firms. Furthermore, small firms finance, on average, 13 percentage points less of their investments with external finance when compared to large firms.4 Importantly, lack of access to external finance is a key obstacle to firm growth, especially for SMEs (Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, and Maksimovic 2005). On the policy side, there are a large number of initiatives across countries to foster SME financing including government subsidized lines of credit and public guarantee funds. One example that has been deemed as relatively successful is Chile’s Fondo de Garantía para Pequeños Empresarios (FOGAPE), a fund created to encourage bank lending to SMEs through partial credit guarantees. This fund has many features that make it attractive,including some incentives to reduce moral hazard, promote competition among banks, and encourage self sustainability.

4. 中小企业融资难这样的论文的中英文摘要该怎么写？

摘要：中小企业在我国经济社会发展中发挥着不可替代的作用，却处于融资弱势的不对称地位，融资约束已成为制约中小企业发展的瓶颈。解决中小企业融资难的问题，需要政府大胆借鉴国外经验，尽快完善并落实各项针对中小企业的融资支持措施，建立中小企业的信用担保体系。以下通过分析我国中小企业融资的现状，论述了我国中小企业融资难的各种原因，最后对缓解我国中小企业融资难的问题提出了各种对策和建议。


关键词：中小企业  贷款融资  信用


Summary: small and medium-sized enterprises in China's economic and social development which plays an irreplaceable role in financing, but the weakness of the asymmetrical status, financing constraints constraints sme development has become the bottleneck. To solve the problem of the financing difficulty, the government needs the experience abroad and bold as soon as possible and carry out the perfect for small and medium-sized enterprise financing support measures, set up small and medium enterprise credit guarantee system. The following through the analysis of the present situation of the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises in China, this paper discusses the medium and small enterprises in China to financing the various reasons for the small and medium-sized enterprises in China to ease difficulty to put forward the various measures and Suggestions.


Key words: small and medium-sized enterprise loan financing credit

5. 融资英文文献

融资英文文献（6000字左右 ）  作者：Justin.Athur.winner。 Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank
July,2007 by Stephen Bush
Commercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established industries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank”. 
There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower’s particular industry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank”. 
As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders. 

COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK 
Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs 

Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank” and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need. 

COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK 
Commercial Mortgage Loans 

Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank”. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender. 

COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK 
Credit Card Processing Programs 

The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant’s credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help with credit card processing. 

A closing commercial financing thought: I have written an earlier commercial financing article about commercial lenders to avoid. It should be noted that there are in fact both traditional and non-traditional (non-bank) lenders which should be avoided. So when commercial borrowers Think Outside the Bank”, it is still of critical importance that they are prepared to avoid a wide variety of problematic non-traditional commercial lenders in their search for viable commercial financing, especially when it involves business cash advance (credit card receivables and credit card factoring) programs, credit card processing services and commercial real estate financing. 

商业融资解决方案-比如银行外 
2007年7月由Stephen布什 
商业融资的借款人可能会认为，传统的银行是他们的最佳来源的商业融资。然而，由于大多数传统银行侧重于少数设立工业，非传统（非银行）和非本地商业银行应考虑大多数商业融资的情况。因此，建议商业融资战略（如本文中讨论）是跳出本行“ 。 
有几个商业融资情况下，商业借款人常常发现，非传统的商业银行将能够更好地提供的条件更有利的商业借款人： （ 1 ）商业透支现金和信用卡保理业务程序; （ 2 ）商业按揭贷款;和（ 3 ）信用卡处理程序。在某些情况下，传统的银行将提供商业融资，但附加条件过于严格和盟约。在其他情况下，传统的银行将下降彻底的商业融资，这可能是因为他们甚至不提供商业融资，商业借款人的特定行业。在这两种情况下，商业借款人可能会受益于银行外思考“ 。 
正如我在较早的商业融资的文章，在许多非竞争企业融资情况下，它并没有什么不寻常的地方传统的银行实行更加严厉的商业融资条件比通常被视为在一个更具竞争力的企业融资市场。这种传统的银行通常利用相对缺乏其他商业银行在其当地市场。作出适当的反应是由商业借款人寻求非银行的商业融资方案。这是既无必要，也明智的商业借款取决于只有在当地传统的商业银行融资解决方案。对于大多数商业融资的情况下，非本地和非银行的商业银行有可能提供更好的企业融资条件，因为他们所熟悉的竞争积极与其他商业银行。 

商业融资比如-比如银行外 
企业现金和信用卡应收帐款程序 

大多数企业认为接受信用卡将在其业务资格的商业现金透支的信用卡应收款。传统的银行通常会是非常贫穷的候选人，以考虑是否需要援助业务与保理业务和信用卡业务现金垫款。因为即使是蓬勃发展的企业往往需要更多的现金，他们可以比银行贷款，它可以是极其重要的商业银行外的思考“ ，并找到非传统的贷款，以协助这个商业融资的需要。 

商业融资两名-比如银行外 
商业按揭贷款 

两个最常见的商业融资遇到困难的商业贷款，可避免如果他们认为银行外“ 。第一商业融资情况是普遍存在的做法，传统的银行，以避免最特殊用途性质（如殡仪馆和教堂） 。第二商业融资的情况是典型的做法，大多数商业银行的重视气球和/或召回规定的商业贷款（这意味着银行可以要求提前偿还的商业贷款不同条件下） 。这两种不良商业融资的情况，通常可以很容易地避免和审议了非传统和非银行贷款。 

商业融资例3 -比如银行外 
信用卡处理程序 

选择一个适当的信用卡处理服务，可有助于改善企业的盈利与大量的信用卡活动。分析信用卡处理供应商，才能有效地结合信用卡保理业务和信用卡应收款上述进程。在评估企业现金透支程序时，它常常是有可能同时安排大大提高商家的信用卡处理程序。由于传统的银行通常是没有竞争力，在提供援助信用卡保理业务中，也同样可能是一个非传统的贷款将是主要来源的有效和有竞争力的帮助，信用卡处理。 

闭幕商业融资认为：我已经写的早期商业融资文章商业银行，以避免。应当指出的是，事实上，传统和非传统（非银行）贷款，应加以避免。因此，当借款人跳出商业银行“ ，它仍然是至关重要的，它们准备，以避免各种问题的非传统的商业银行在寻求可行的商业融资，尤其是当它涉及业务现金透支（信用卡应收款和信用卡保理）程序，信用卡处理服务和商业房地产融资。

6. 中小企业融资难这样的论文的中英文摘要该怎么写？

摘要】 近年来，中小企业融资难这一世界性难题在我国更加显露，一方面是企业得不到有效资金支持，另一方面是融资部门闲置大量信贷资金。在诸多矛盾中，中小企业才是矛盾的载体，要真正掌握解决这些矛盾的有效手段，还应首先从企业自身这一矛盾承载方着手。 
　　【关键词】 中小企业；融资；闲置资金 
　　 
　　当前，我国中小企业数量众多、层次参差不齐，特别是在法人构架、经营管理、长远策略等方面存在诸多公认的不足和问题，经过多年的理论探讨研究，对企业自身建设和金融单位融资方式等方面形成了很多宝贵的建议和意见。为了更好地了解这一难题的成因，近期，笔者对本辖的10户盈利稳定、产品市场前景较好、内部管理基本健全、并有申请新增贷款意向的中小企业5年的财务状况进行了综合分析，发现其确实存在着几个影响融资的问题： 
　　 
　　一、企业资产规模无度扩张，资金缺口进一步增大 
　　 
　　中小企业市场准入后，在规模扩张的管理方面，我国没有相应控制政策措施。规模的扩张速度决策取决于企业主个人意愿，在调查中，发现10个企业4年间共投入固定资产资金19 712万元，而企业所有者权益（即实收资本、盈利公积、未分配利润）四年间只增加了13 763万元，从融资部门借入的长期贷款只增加了1 126万元，而长期负债确减少了1 923万元（详见表一），也就是说四年间这些企业将7 872万元的流动性借款和流动资产挪用于长期资产投资之中，造成企业流动资金长期不足，形成新的流动资金缺口。这样为了谋求利润最大化，不求资金综合平衡，无计划、无原则的扩张行为，怎能成为融资单位的合作对象。这是造成融资难的一个主要因素。 
　　 
　　二、企业资金应用失衡，偿债能力明显不足 
　　 
　　企业的偿还债务能力是融资单位最为关心的事项，在对这十户企业财务数据进行计算分析后（详见表二），发现四年间其速动比率平均仅为55%，平均流动比率也只有101%，两项指标与一般评价标准存在明显差距，而这些企业的存货占款常年占到流动资产的45%之上，这就需要更高的资产流动性指标来保证企业的偿债能力（企业评价速动比率应为100%左右，流动比率为200%左右）。很低的资产流动性反映出企业根本不能保证短期负债的及时、足额清偿。这对于债权人来说已经形成一个能否到期收回信贷资金的危险信号。较低的流动性和偿债能力，是造成融资部门“惜贷”的又一因素。 
　　 
　　 
　　三、企业主投入不足，资产负债比例有背信贷原则 
　　 
　　企业的资产和负债会在生产经营中不断增长，企业股东或企业主注入资本的多少直接反映着业主承担债务的能力。在对十户企业资产、负债和权益计算分析后发现，平均产权比率为231%，而资产负债率高达58%（见表三），两项指标均与一般评价指标相差甚多（企业评价指标：产权比率为1：1左右，资产负债率为50%之下），这样的比例给出的结论就是融资单位扮演着企业主要出资者，进而形成了借款人能破得起产而债权人破不起产状态。企业偿债的能力和承贷能力，是保证债权人款项安全的重要条件。对于一个失去稳健性，却又高风险、低成本、高回报的财务结构的企业，又有哪一个融资单位敢去问津，这也是不能较好地融入资金的又一因素。 
　　 
　　四、企业财务制度不健全，造成银企信息不对称 
　　 
　　企业财务约束制度不够健全，同时财务人员素质参差不齐，许多企业财务制度根本得不到有效发挥。部分企业财务人员是根据业主意图制作财务信息，还有部分会计人员没有受过专业培训，对企业财务信息结构根本没有掌握，对外制作的报表只能达到一个平字，各种报表根本就没有相互对应关系，形成的企业财务报表数据不实，更不要说报表科目的正确使用。还有的企业为了自身利益需要，同一时段形成数据不同的多样报表，报出的报表出现上报主管部门一套，税务部门一套，银行的又是一套，令专门搞企业财务的信贷员也难识“庐山真面目”，造成企业的财务报表对外没有影响力。而金融部门信贷风险的根源就是信息不对称。信息的不对 称致使银行系统不得不要求中小企业融资时提供足够的担保，从而使得中小企业融资难的问题长期得不到解决，企业也就无法顺利地进入融资单位的融资名单之中。 　　五、辩证地看企业融资结果与融资难的关系 
　　 
　　通过对这十户企业的财务状况与近年融资情况分析，发现金融部门并没有对这些中小企业实行所谓的“惧贷、惜贷”。截止目前，十户企业共借入金融部门贷款为14 436万元，占十户企业所有借款余额79%以上。占到当地金融部门全部贷款的10%以上。在其流动性指标严重不足与资产负债率指标偏高的情况下，能够长期占有较大规模信贷额度，不能说是金融部门“惜贷”在影响企业的发展，如若严格按照银行信贷控制原则，部分企业早已被列入超比例发放的行列，根本进不了融资单位的融资名单之中。我们通过对本辖所有金融部门了解，目前十户企业中，已有几户企业向金融机构提出了几千万元立项贷款和追加贷款的意向，在上述企业目前的财务状况下，要破解这样的“融资难”问题，仅仅依靠融资单位单方努力和建设社会信用环境是不可能得到解决的。 
　　为了中小企业在经营中得到有效的信贷支持，使他们在一个和谐、稳健、规范的环境中发展壮大，不仅要在外部创造一个好的经营环境，更主要是要从企业自身着手打造一流的具有一定竞争能力、适应国际形势变化能力、抵御市场风险能力的现代化企业群。为此笔者认为，现阶段中小企业应从财务信息的真实性，资产扩张的可控性，资产负债的协调性，偿还债务的流动性上下功夫，这才是解决融资难的根本途径。 
　　（一）加强对中小企业决策上的有效约束，规范其经营行为 
　　营造一个好的外部融资环境，只是对解决融资难主要矛盾起到一个催化剂的作用。真正解决问题的途径还要从建立现代企业财务制度入手，重点解决当前中小企业普遍存在的财务制度不健全，财务监督无作为，财务报告真实性与准确性低的问题，提升企业财务人员素质，增强业主对财务状况的重视程度，建立有效的会计监督机制和审核制度。提高企业对外信息可信度，打破银企信息不对称僵局，增加融资单位对中小企业融资信心，才能进一步疏通社会各种融资渠道。 
　　（二）约束企业扩张行为，规范资金应用 
　　当前，很多中小企业还处于一个发展阶段，特别是一些利润较高的行业，企业都具有较大的扩张欲望，在没有规范性约束的条件下无度地资产扩张，会让企业变得弱不禁风，经不起任何市场波动的考验。故国家企业管理服务部门要及早出台相关制度约束企业无限扩张行为，形成一个社会与企业能够共同维护的企业经营守则，让企业凭借自身过硬的资产质量和较高的信用度来赢得融资单位的青睐，解决一厢情愿的融资难局面。 
　　（三）企业要增强自有资金实力，减小对融资依赖 
　　企业经营者要把更多的精力放在练好内功和规范市场运作之上，要加大自身积累，增加企业资产中自有资金的占比，提高流动资金份额，减少对外融资的绝对依赖性，在资金应用上取得自主权，在企业扩张过程中要做到自身出一块、社会融一块、金融部门借一块的原则来进行资产增加。倡导适度负债，让股东或企业主成为真正企业经营的得益者、负债人和风险的承担者，才能增强债权人对其融资信心，才能得到银行和社会投资融资者的更多支持。 
　　（四）合理使用资金，保证偿债能力，提高自身社会信用度 
　　在经营过程中企业要配比使用有限资金，兼顾安全性、流动性和盈利性，协调好三者关系，特别是在融资困难环境下，企业更应在提高流动性上下功夫，增强企业的偿债能力，既要尽可能降低过多持有现金的机会成本,又要保证短期债务偿还能力； 将速动比率和流动比率达到一般评价指标之上，树立良好的企业法人形象，杜绝不良信用记录，以较强的资金实力、较好的资产流动性和较高的信用度赢得融资单位的信任，破解当前中小企业融资难的局面。